CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
A. WHAT IS CONDITIONAL SENTENCE?
Conditional Sentence is a sentence that indicates that an action or a condition is completed only if the condition given is fulfilled. Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled.
Conditional sentences have two parts: the if-clause and the main clause. In the sentence If it rains, I will stay at home, "if it rains" is the if-clause, and "I will stay at home" is the main clause.
B. TYPES OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
There are 4 types of conditional sentences according to the degree of probability that they express.
1. Zero Conditional (type 0)
The zero conditional is a structure used for talking about general truths, or scientific facts_ things which always happen under certain conditions. The verb in the if-clause is in the present tense; the verb in the main clause is in the present tense too.
If-clause ~ Present Tense
Main Clause ~ Present Tense
Formula
IF + DOES, DOES
If + Simple Present Tense, Simple Present Tense
Examples
- If you heat water to 100°C, it boils.
- If you pour oil into water, it floats.
- If you are tired, go to bed!
Used
1. Talk about universal truth.
Example: If you heat ice, it turns to water.
2. To give commands
Example: If you are tired, go to bed!
3. To state general rules
Example: If we heat water enough, it begins to boil.
In statements like that, if means the same as when or every time.
2. First Conditionals (type 1)
The first conditional (also called conditional type 1) is a structure used for talking about possibilities in the present or in the future.
The verb in the if-clause is in the present tense; the verb in the main clause is in the future simple. It doesn't matter which comes first. There is usually a comma between the two clauses.
If-clause ~ Present Tense
Main Clause ~ Future Tense
Formula
IF + DOES, WILL DO
If + Present + Future
Examples
- If I feel sick tomorrow, I will not go to school.
- If it rains, the match will be cancelled.
- If I have the money, I will buy this car.
- If it is sunny, we'll go to the park.
- Peter will be sad if Susan leaves.
- If you cook dinner, I'll wash the dishes.
Used
1. To speaks about possible or probable future events.
If I feel sick tomorrow, I will not go to school..
2. To make promises or warnings
If you forget my birthday, I’ll never speak to you again.
3. Second Conditionals ( type 2)
The second conditional (also called conditional type 2) is a structure used for talking about unreal situations in the present or in the future.
The verb in the if-clause is in the past tense; the verb in the main clause is in the conditional tense.
If-clause ~ Past Tense
Main Clause ~ would + an infinitive
Formula
IF + DID, WOULD DO
If + past tense, would + infinitive
Examples
- If we were birds, we would fly in the sky. (Only wish in future)
- Were I you, I would not attend the meeting.
- If he were the Prime-Minister of India, he would abolish untouchability from the country.
- If you studied hard, you would stand first.
- The people will respect us, if we respect them.
Used
1. To speak about present and future situations which are unlikely to happen.
If I were you I wouldn't do this.
2. When the supposition is contrary to known facts
If I lived in New York, I wouldn't have to commute there each day. (But I don't live in New York.)
4. Third Conditionals (type 3)
The third conditional (also called conditional type 3) is a structure used for talking about unreal situations in the past. In other words, it is used to talk about things which DID NOT HAPPEN in the past.
If-clause ~ Past Perfect Tense
Main Clause ~ Would Have + Past Participle
Formula
IF + HAD DONE, WOULD + HAVE DONE
If + Past Perfect Tense, Would + Present Perfect
Examples
- If I had studied harder, I probably would have passed the exam.
- If I had had enough money, I would have bought the camera yesterday.
- If you had driven more carefully, you would not have had an accident.
- If we had played a little better, we could have won the game.
-
Used
1. To speak about impossible past events.
If they’d gone by bus, they would have arrived much later. (They didn’t go by bus).
C. I WISH / IF ONLY
1. We use wish and if only +past simple/continuous or could when we want a situation or thing in the present to be different or to change.
The time of the action referred to in the subordinate clause is the same as the time of making the wish.
Examples
- He wishes that he were rich.
- I wish I didn’t have to leave.
- I wish he was waiting for me.
- I wish I could help you.
2. We use wish + would to complain about a thing or a situation.
Examples
- She wishes that you would come to the meeting tomorrow.
- I wish you wouldn’t be so rude.
- I wish my mother would let me go out till late.
- She wishes her child would sleep all night long.
2. We use wish / if only + past perfect / continuous or could have + p.p. to express a wish about the past.
Examples
- They wish that they had studied harder when they were young. (they didn’t study)
- I wish I hadn’t failed the exam. (I failed the exam
Sabtu, 14 Agustus 2010
Rabu, 04 Agustus 2010
argumentative essay
WRITING ASSIGNMENT
ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY
CIGARETTE AND SMOKING
PREFACE
First of all, lets thanks to god (Allah SWT), because of God, I have done my assignment about argumentative essay with the title “Cigarette and Smoking “. Then thanks to my lecturer, Oriza Agustin, SS and my friends that give me support and helping to finish my assignment.
I know that my assignment is not perfect. So, I very hope to reader to give me some good critic or some good advice. Then, I hope there are advantages of this writing.
Muara Bungo, June 2010
Writer
CONTENT
PREFACE
CONTENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER I
A.Background
B.Theory
CHAPTER II
A.Cigarette and Smoking
CHAPTER III
A.Conclusion
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ABSTRACT
This writing is used to give information about cigarette and smoking, to improve our knowledge about cigarette and smoking, and to finish my writing assignment.
In this writing, I use observation method and library method. Observation method is I observe or I asked to object directly. Library method is I read books about dangerous of cigarette and smoking.
There are many dangers of smoking to the body, to the immediate family, to the society, to the environment and to the economy. More than 700 chemical additives are found in cigarettes. Some of them are classified as toxic and are not allowed in food.
Key words that often I use in this writing are cigarette, smoke, smoking, dangerous, and advantages.
CHAPTER I
A.BACKGROUND
In this kind of essay, we not only give information but also present an argument with the PROS (supporting ideas) and CONS (opposing ideas) of an argumentative issue. We should clearly take our stand and write as if we are trying to persuade an opposing audience to adopt new beliefs or behavior. The primary objective is to persuade people to change beliefs that many of them do not want to change.
There are many smokers around me. They very enjoy with smoking. They are very proud of it. One of them said that people who do not smoking are not modern. They are in old style. Some of them do not know about the dangerous of it. Some others know, but they still smoking. There are many of them get disease and past away because of cigarette. Because of statement above, I take cigarette and smoking become my object of my writing.
B.THEORY
Experts at The Cancer Institute of New Jersey (CINJ) are available for comment on the development of lung cancer and other related effects of smoking, which are being addressed by this unique day of youth activism. CINJ is a Center of Excellence of UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School.
CHAPTER II
A.CIGARETTE AND SMOKING
What do you think about smoking? Are you interested? Smoking is a bad habit. Smoking can make our body is not good. It means we put the dangerous chemical in our body. Person who smokes a cigarette cannot think in real situation. I mean, they cannot face their real life. Therefore, they take a cigarette to make their mind be happy.
We know that smoking is danger. I think it is not useful to everyone. Usually, people become smokers because others people smoking. It can damage the health. Smoking does not make the body grow well and make the skin becomes wrinkled, also many of our physical health are affected by smoking.
Cigarette is a dangerous material. In cigarette substance, contain nicotine. Nicotine is a substance found in tobacco leaves that can cause addiction. This substance is also extremely dangerous, because cessation of breathing, raises blood pressure and accelerate heart rate, and carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas that can remove oxygen in the body and also causes constriction of blood vessels.
Although they know about dangerous of smoking, they are still want to smoking. They cannot leave it. Why? It happen because in a cigarette consist of many dangerous chemical. One of them is nicotine. Nicotine can make them be depended. They are difficult to leave it, and they cannot stop it, although they want to stop it.
We know there are two types of smokers. They are active smoker and passive smoker. Active smoker is person who smoke cigarette directly. Passive smoker is person who is not inhale smoke directly.
There are advantages of people who do not smoking. They are, not exposed to the risk of illness due to toxin tobacco, the body becomes healthy, fresh, well, and growing normally, can be protected from air pollution (cigarette smoke), and we can save our money.
New smokers rise up so quickly. It happen because there are some advertisements of smoking is so famous in society. There are many interesting images and illustration. It tell about smoker is a success person and a brave person. Smoker can pass barricade.
One thing that makes me sad is smokers rise up from years to years. It means there are additions in new smokers (passive smokers) become active smokers. They smoke along in their life. The new smokers are children and teenagers.
Base on data in Komnas Perlindungan Anak (2007) show that, 91, 7% teenagers (13-14 years old) in Jakarta become smokers. It always rises up from years to years. It means that account of death is rise up too.
Base on data that I get from internet, there are many problems coming from smoking. The problems are, smokers have low lung function than people who do not smoking, and it make our lung cannot grow well. In some adult smokers, diseases are caused by smoking are heart disease and stroke, but it happen in teenagers smokers too. People who smoking one pack or more than in a day, they will get lifeless until 7 years than people who do not smoking. Smoking in children age will rise to get lung cancer.
CHAPTER III
A.CONCLUSION
Base on data, we can take a conclusion that there are some reason the smokers smoke are nicotine, advertisement, and they get stress in their life. There is no advantage of smoking. It just spends our money and it can affect in our body.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Website
http://www.buowl.boun.edu.tr/students/types%20of%20essays/ARGUMENTATIVE%20ESSAY.htm
http://www.stop-smoking-tips.com/dangers-smoking.html
http://www.tldm.org/News10/HomosexualityMoreDangerousThanSmoking.htm
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/143000.php
http://www.allaboutlifechallenges.org/dangers-of-smoking-faq.htm
ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY
CIGARETTE AND SMOKING
PREFACE
First of all, lets thanks to god (Allah SWT), because of God, I have done my assignment about argumentative essay with the title “Cigarette and Smoking “. Then thanks to my lecturer, Oriza Agustin, SS and my friends that give me support and helping to finish my assignment.
I know that my assignment is not perfect. So, I very hope to reader to give me some good critic or some good advice. Then, I hope there are advantages of this writing.
Muara Bungo, June 2010
Writer
CONTENT
PREFACE
CONTENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER I
A.Background
B.Theory
CHAPTER II
A.Cigarette and Smoking
CHAPTER III
A.Conclusion
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ABSTRACT
This writing is used to give information about cigarette and smoking, to improve our knowledge about cigarette and smoking, and to finish my writing assignment.
In this writing, I use observation method and library method. Observation method is I observe or I asked to object directly. Library method is I read books about dangerous of cigarette and smoking.
There are many dangers of smoking to the body, to the immediate family, to the society, to the environment and to the economy. More than 700 chemical additives are found in cigarettes. Some of them are classified as toxic and are not allowed in food.
Key words that often I use in this writing are cigarette, smoke, smoking, dangerous, and advantages.
CHAPTER I
A.BACKGROUND
In this kind of essay, we not only give information but also present an argument with the PROS (supporting ideas) and CONS (opposing ideas) of an argumentative issue. We should clearly take our stand and write as if we are trying to persuade an opposing audience to adopt new beliefs or behavior. The primary objective is to persuade people to change beliefs that many of them do not want to change.
There are many smokers around me. They very enjoy with smoking. They are very proud of it. One of them said that people who do not smoking are not modern. They are in old style. Some of them do not know about the dangerous of it. Some others know, but they still smoking. There are many of them get disease and past away because of cigarette. Because of statement above, I take cigarette and smoking become my object of my writing.
B.THEORY
Experts at The Cancer Institute of New Jersey (CINJ) are available for comment on the development of lung cancer and other related effects of smoking, which are being addressed by this unique day of youth activism. CINJ is a Center of Excellence of UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School.
CHAPTER II
A.CIGARETTE AND SMOKING
What do you think about smoking? Are you interested? Smoking is a bad habit. Smoking can make our body is not good. It means we put the dangerous chemical in our body. Person who smokes a cigarette cannot think in real situation. I mean, they cannot face their real life. Therefore, they take a cigarette to make their mind be happy.
We know that smoking is danger. I think it is not useful to everyone. Usually, people become smokers because others people smoking. It can damage the health. Smoking does not make the body grow well and make the skin becomes wrinkled, also many of our physical health are affected by smoking.
Cigarette is a dangerous material. In cigarette substance, contain nicotine. Nicotine is a substance found in tobacco leaves that can cause addiction. This substance is also extremely dangerous, because cessation of breathing, raises blood pressure and accelerate heart rate, and carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas that can remove oxygen in the body and also causes constriction of blood vessels.
Although they know about dangerous of smoking, they are still want to smoking. They cannot leave it. Why? It happen because in a cigarette consist of many dangerous chemical. One of them is nicotine. Nicotine can make them be depended. They are difficult to leave it, and they cannot stop it, although they want to stop it.
We know there are two types of smokers. They are active smoker and passive smoker. Active smoker is person who smoke cigarette directly. Passive smoker is person who is not inhale smoke directly.
There are advantages of people who do not smoking. They are, not exposed to the risk of illness due to toxin tobacco, the body becomes healthy, fresh, well, and growing normally, can be protected from air pollution (cigarette smoke), and we can save our money.
New smokers rise up so quickly. It happen because there are some advertisements of smoking is so famous in society. There are many interesting images and illustration. It tell about smoker is a success person and a brave person. Smoker can pass barricade.
One thing that makes me sad is smokers rise up from years to years. It means there are additions in new smokers (passive smokers) become active smokers. They smoke along in their life. The new smokers are children and teenagers.
Base on data in Komnas Perlindungan Anak (2007) show that, 91, 7% teenagers (13-14 years old) in Jakarta become smokers. It always rises up from years to years. It means that account of death is rise up too.
Base on data that I get from internet, there are many problems coming from smoking. The problems are, smokers have low lung function than people who do not smoking, and it make our lung cannot grow well. In some adult smokers, diseases are caused by smoking are heart disease and stroke, but it happen in teenagers smokers too. People who smoking one pack or more than in a day, they will get lifeless until 7 years than people who do not smoking. Smoking in children age will rise to get lung cancer.
CHAPTER III
A.CONCLUSION
Base on data, we can take a conclusion that there are some reason the smokers smoke are nicotine, advertisement, and they get stress in their life. There is no advantage of smoking. It just spends our money and it can affect in our body.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Website
http://www.buowl.boun.edu.tr/students/types%20of%20essays/ARGUMENTATIVE%20ESSAY.htm
http://www.stop-smoking-tips.com/dangers-smoking.html
http://www.tldm.org/News10/HomosexualityMoreDangerousThanSmoking.htm
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/143000.php
http://www.allaboutlifechallenges.org/dangers-of-smoking-faq.htm
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